一、概述

shell中有兩類(lèi)字符:普通字符、元字符。

1． 普通字符

在Shell中除了本身的字面意思外沒(méi)有其他特殊意義,即普通純文本;

2． 元字符

是Shell的保留字符,在Shell中有著特殊的含義。

今天主要介紹一下shell中字符$的各種用法。

二、轉(zhuǎn)義字符$

在linux shell腳本中經(jīng)常用到字符$,下面是$的一些常見(jiàn)用法

名稱(chēng)含義$#傳給腳本的參數(shù)個(gè)數(shù)$0腳本本身的名字$1傳遞給該shell腳本的第一個(gè)參數(shù)$2傳遞給該shell腳本的第二個(gè)參數(shù)$@傳給腳本的所有參數(shù)的列表$*以一個(gè)單字符串顯示所有向腳本傳遞的參數(shù),與位置變量不同,參數(shù)可超過(guò)9個(gè)$$腳本運(yùn)行的當(dāng)前進(jìn)程ID號(hào)$?顯示最后命令的退出狀態(tài),0表示沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤,其他表示有錯(cuò)誤實(shí)例1

建立腳本peng．sh如下:

#/bin/bash
total=$[ $1 * $2 + $3 ]
echo "$1 * $2 + $3 = $total"

運(yùn)行如下:

．/peng．sh 4 5 6

結(jié)果如下:

實(shí)例2

當(dāng)把字符串輸入給shell腳本的時(shí)候,注意是以空格作為分隔符,如果字符串本身就有空格的話,那么用雙引號(hào)或者單引號(hào),比如

#/bin/bash
echo "$1 is pretty nice!"

運(yùn)行如下:

．/peng．sh 一口Linux

結(jié)果如下:

實(shí)例3#!/bin/sh
echo "參數(shù)個(gè)數(shù):$#"
echo "腳本名字:$0"
echo "參數(shù)1:$1"
echo "參數(shù)2:$2"
echo "所有參數(shù)列表:$@"
echo "pid:$$"
if [ $1 = 100 ]
then
echo "命令退出狀態(tài):$?"
exit 0 #參數(shù)正確,退出狀態(tài)為0
else
echo "命令退出狀態(tài):$?"
exit 1 #參數(shù)錯(cuò)誤,退出狀態(tài)1
fi

執(zhí)行結(jié)果:

實(shí)例4

使用for循環(huán)進(jìn)行參數(shù)遍歷

示例:

#!/bin/bash
number=65             #定義一個(gè)退出值
index=1               #定義一個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)器
if [ -z "$1" ];then   #對(duì)用戶(hù)輸入的參數(shù)做判斷,如果未輸入?yún)��?shù)則返回腳本的用法并退出,退出值65
  echo "Usage:$0 + 參數(shù)"
  exit $number
fi
echo "listing args with $*:"    #在屏幕輸入,在$*中遍歷參數(shù)
for arg in $*                                          
do
  echo "arg: $index = $arg"                
  let index+=1
done
echo
index=1                         #將計(jì)數(shù)器重新設(shè)置為1
echo "listing args with "$@":"    #在"$@"中遍歷參數(shù)
for arg in "$@"
do
  echo "arg: $index = $arg"
  let index+=1
done

實(shí)例5

小技巧1:在"和*中遍歷參數(shù)的區(qū)別

示例:

#!/bin/bash
number=11
if [ $# -eq 0 ];then
  echo "Usage: $0 + 參數(shù)"
  exit $number
fi
for i in $*               #在$*中遍歷參數(shù),此時(shí)每個(gè)參數(shù)都是獨(dú)立的,會(huì)遍歷$#次
do
  echo $i
done
echo
for i in "$*"            #在"$*"中遍歷參數(shù),此時(shí)"$*"被擴(kuò)展為包含所有位置參數(shù)的單個(gè)字符串,只遍歷一次
do
  echo $i
done

三、linux命令執(zhí)行返回值**$?**說(shuō)明

在 Linux 下,不管你是啟動(dòng)一個(gè)桌面程序也好,還是在控制臺(tái)下運(yùn)行命令,所有的程序在結(jié)束時(shí),都會(huì)返回一個(gè)數(shù)字值,這個(gè)值叫做返回值,或者稱(chēng)為錯(cuò)誤號(hào) ( Error Number )。

1． 在控制臺(tái)下,有一個(gè)特殊的環(huán)境變量 $?,保存著前一個(gè)程序的返回值,我們可以試試:

先隨便執(zhí)行個(gè)命令,比如像上面的 ls 某些文件,然后通過(guò) echo ,打印? 的值～

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)返回值是 0,這是什么意思呢?只要返回值是 0,就代表程序執(zhí)行成功了～也就是說(shuō),如果 $? 變量的值不是 0 的話,就表示上一個(gè)命令在執(zhí)行的過(guò)程中出錯(cuò)了。

2． 我們可以試著 ls 一個(gè)不存在的文件:

這樣,對(duì)于某些打印出一堆不熟悉的英文信息的命令,可以方便的看出它是否成功執(zhí)行結(jié)束。不過(guò),每次都 echo 一下太累了,沒(méi)關(guān)系,你可以把? 放在提示符里去:

3． 將上次命令執(zhí)行是否成功的返回值放到提示符里面去:export PS1="[$?]${PS1}"root@ubuntu:/home/peng/zhh# export PS1="[$?]${PS1}"
[0]root@ubuntu:/home/peng/zhh# ls

export PS1="[$?]${PS1}"  這個(gè)命令把 $? 的值放在的提示符的最前面,這樣每次執(zhí)行完命令,這個(gè)值都會(huì)自動(dòng)更新,這下就一目了然了～

4． 用perror查看錯(cuò)誤提示

那么如果返回的值不是 0,我們要怎么知道是那里出錯(cuò)了呢?大多數(shù)的程序出錯(cuò)都會(huì)給出提示,如果沒(méi)有提示的話,可以用 perror 這個(gè)程序來(lái)查看錯(cuò)誤的信息,比如返回值是 2,我們可以運(yùn)行下面命令:

$ perror 2
OS error code   2:  No such file or directory

這樣就清楚了,原來(lái)是文件不存在～

該命令需要安裝apt-get install perror

5． 給出錯(cuò)誤代碼及其具體原因?qū)φ毡?"OS error code   1:  Operation not permitted"
"OS error code   2:  No such file or directory"
"OS error code   3:  No such process"
"OS error code   4:  Interrupted system call"
"OS error code   5:  Input/output error"
"OS error code   6:  No such device or address"
"OS error code   7:  Argument list too long"
"OS error code   8:  Exec format error"
"OS error code   9:  Bad file descriptor"
"OS error code  10:  No child processes"
"OS error code  11:  Resource temporarily unavailable"
"OS error code  12:  Cannot allocate memory"
"OS error code  13:  Permission denied"
"OS error code  14:  Bad address"
"OS error code  15:  Block device required"
"OS error code  16:  Device or resource busy"
"OS error code  17:  File exists"
"OS error code  18:  Invalid cross-device link"
"OS error code  19:  No such device"
"OS error code  20:  Not a directory"
"OS error code  21:  Is a directory"
"OS error code  22:  Invalid argument"
"OS error code  23:  Too many open files in system"
"OS error code  24:  Too many open files"
"OS error code  25:  Inappropriate ioctl for device"
"OS error code  26:  Text file busy"
"OS error code  27:  File too large"
"OS error code  28:  No space left on device"
"OS error code  29:  Illegal seek"
"OS error code  30:  Read-only file system"
"OS error code  31:  Too many links"
"OS error code  32:  Broken pipe"
"OS error code  33:  Numerical argument out of domain"
"OS error code  34:  Numerical result out of range"
"OS error code  35:  Resource deadlock avoided"
"OS error code  36:  File name too long"
"OS error code  37:  No locks available"
"OS error code  38:  Function not implemented"
"OS error code  39:  Directory not empty"
"OS error code  40:  Too many levels of symbolic links"
"OS error code  42:  No message of desired type"
"OS error code  43:  Identifier removed"
"OS error code  44:  Channel number out of range"
"OS error code  45:  Level 2 not synchronized"
"OS error code  46:  Level 3 halted"
"OS error code  47:  Level 3 reset"
"OS error code  48:  Link number out of range"
"OS error code  49:  Protocol driver not attached"
"OS error code  50:  No CSI structure available"
"OS error code  51:  Level 2 halted"
"OS error code  52:  Invalid exchange"
"OS error code  53:  Invalid request descriptor"
"OS error code  54:  Exchange full"
"OS error code  55:  No anode"
"OS error code  56:  Invalid request code"
"OS error code  57:  Invalid slot"
"OS error code  59:  Bad font file format"
"OS error code  60:  Device not a stream"
"OS error code  61:  No data available"
"OS error code  62:  Timer expired"
"OS error code  63:  Out of streams resources"
"OS error code  64:  Machine is not on the network"
"OS error code  65:  Package not installed"
"OS error code  66:  Object is remote"
"OS error code  67:  Link has been severed"
"OS error code  68:  Advertise error"
"OS error code  69:  Srmount error"
"OS error code  70:  Communication error on send"
"OS error code  71:  Protocol error"
"OS error code  72:  Multihop attempted"
"OS error code  73:  RFS specific error"
"OS error code  74:  Bad message"
"OS error code  75:  Value too large for defined data type"
"OS error code  76:  Name not unique on network"
"OS error code  77:  File descriptor in bad state"
"OS error code  78:  Remote address changed"
"OS error code  79:  Can not access a needed shared library"
"OS error code  80:  Accessing a corrupted shared library"
"OS error code  81:  ．lib section in a．out corrupted"
"OS error code  82:  Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"
"OS error code  83:  Cannot exec a shared library directly"
"OS error code  84:  Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"
"OS error code  85:  Interrupted system call should be restarted"
"OS error code  86:  Streams pipe error"
"OS error code  87:  Too many users"
"OS error code  88:  Socket operation on non-socket"
"OS error code  89:  Destination address required"
"OS error code  90:  Message too long"
"OS error code  91:  Protocol wrong type for socket"
"OS error code  92:  Protocol not available"
"OS error code  93:  Protocol not supported"
"OS error code  94:  Socket type not supported"
"OS error code  95:  Operation not supported"
"OS error code  96:  Protocol family not supported"
"OS error code  97:  Address family not supported by protocol"
"OS error code  98:  Address already in use"
"OS error code  99:  Cannot assign requested address"
"OS error code 100:  Network is down"
"OS error code 101:  Network is unreachable"
"OS error code 102:  Network dropped connection on reset"
"OS error code 103:  Software caused connection abort"
"OS error code 104:  Connection reset by peer"
"OS error code 105:  No buffer space available"
"OS error code 106:  Transport endpoint is already connected"
"OS error code 107:  Transport endpoint is not connected"
"OS error code 108:  Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"
"OS error code 109:  Too many references: cannot splice"
"OS error code 110:  Connection timed out"
"OS error code 111:  Connection refused"
"OS error code 112:  Host is down"
"OS error code 113:  No route to host"
"OS error code 114:  Operation already in progress"
"OS error code 115:  Operation now in progress"
"OS error code 116:  Stale NFS file handle"
"OS error code 117:  Structure needs cleaning"
"OS error code 118:  Not a XENIX named type file"
"OS error code 119:  No XENIX semaphores available"
"OS error code 120:  Is a named type file"
"OS error code 121:  Remote I/O error"
"OS error code 122:  Disk quota exceeded"
"OS error code 123:  No medium found"
"OS error code 124:  Wrong medium type"
"OS error code 125:  Operation canceled"
"OS error code 126:  Required key not available"
"OS error code 127:  Key has expired"
"OS error code 128:  Key has been revoked"
"OS error code 129:  Key was rejected by service"
"OS error code 130:  Owner died"
"OS error code 131:  State not recoverable"
"MySQL error code 132: Old database file"
"MySQL error code 133: No record read before update"
"MySQL error code 134: Record was already deleted (or record file crashed)"
"MySQL error code 135: No more room in record file"
"MySQL error code 136: No more room in index file"
"MySQL error code 137: No more records (read after end of file)"
"MySQL error code 138: Unsupported extension used for table"
"MySQL error code 139: Too big row"
"MySQL error code 140: Wrong create options"
"MySQL error code 141: Duplicate unique key or constraint on write or update"
"MySQL error code 142: Unknown character set used"
"MySQL error code 143: Conflicting table definitions in sub-tables of MERGE table"
"MySQL error code 144: Table is crashed and last repair failed"
"MySQL error code 145: Table was marked as crashed and should be repaired"
"MySQL error code 146: Lock timed out; Retry transaction"
"MySQL error code 147: Lock table is full;  Restart program with a larger locktable"
"MySQL error code 148: Updates are not allowed under a read only transactions"
"MySQL error code 149: Lock deadlock; Retry transaction"
"MySQL error code 150: Foreign key constraint is incorrectly formed"
"MySQL error code 151: Cannot add a child row"
"MySQL error code 152: Cannot delete a parent row"